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Bottom time spread and bistatic scattering by rough basalt
(NATO. SACLANTCEN, 1993/08)
Scattering from oceanic basalt affects low-frequency active sonar systems in at least two important ways: (1) Significant time, angle and frequency spreading reduces target echo levels when systems over-resolve the spread; ...
Shallow-water sound transmission measurements taken on the New Jersey continental shelf
(NATO. SACLANTCEN, 1993/08)
Calibrated acoustic measurements were made under calm sea state conditions on the New Jersey shelf near the AMCOR 6010 borehole, a surveyed area with known geophysical properties. The experiment was conducted in 73 m water ...
A theoretical model for the backscattering strength of a composite roughness sea-surface
(NATO. SACLANTCEN, 1974/02)
The surface-backscattering strength is calculated according to Rayleigh theory for surface excursions much smaller than the sound wavelength. By taking into account of self-shadowing and modulation of grazing angles, the ...
Acoustic characterization of a shallow water site
(NATO. SACLANTCEN, 1993/08)
Results are presented from an exercise aimed at providing a low frequency active sonar environmental characterization of a specific shallow water site in the Gulf of Mexico. Downward refracting acoustic transmission and ...