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Noise sources in the ocean - part 1
(NATO. SACLANTCEN, 1975/10)Following a brief historical survey of the development of our knowledge of the origins and characteristics of ambient noise in the ocean, the principal known sources of noise are described. These are: environmental origin, ... -
Scattering from a random interface
(NATO. SACLANTCEN, 1975/10)The problem of scattering from a random interface separating two fluids with different densities and sound speeds is considered. The method is to write coupled integral equations in coordinate space connecting the surface ... -
Computer models for underwater sound propagation
(NATO. SACLANTCEN, 1975/10)The state of affairs of computer models for underwater sound propagation loss estimation is discussed from the viewpoints of two segments of the sonar community; i.e., (1) those who develop the models and are primarily ... -
Intensity and phase fluctuations in low-frequency acoustic transmission through internal waves
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A review of oceanic fronts
(NATO. SACLANTCEN, 1975/10)This paper will start with a brief account of oceanic frontal research. The definition of oceanic and acoustic fronts and the distinction between them will be discussed. Examples of frontal structure dynamics, correlation ... -
A spectral ocean wave model
(NATO. SACLANTCEN, 1975/10)An operational wave spectral model has been developed through the cooperative efforts of FLENUMWEACEN, NAVOCEANO and W.J. Pierson. The model contains two subdivisions: 1) wave energy growth based on a modified version of ... -
Acoustic properties of the sea floor: a review
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Effects of sea-ice ridges on sound propagation in the Arctic Ocean
(NATO. SACLANTCEN, 1975/10)An environmental/acoustic model of sound propagation in the Arctic Ocean, which accounts for reflection losses from ridged sea ice, has been developed. In this model sea-ice ridges are represented as infinitely long, ... -
Acoustic noise models
(NATO. SACLANTCEN, 1975/10)The question of modeling the vertical directionality of ambient noise in the ocean is considered. The problem of converting from a description in terms of directional density function to a description in terms of the ... -
Influence of internal waves on sound propagation in the SOFAR channel
(NATO. SACLANTCEN, 1975/10)In this paper theoretical investigations due to the influence of internal waves to sound propagation in the SOFAR-channel are presented. The undisturbed acoustic field is described by a normal-mode model. The disturbance ... -
Range-dependent normal modes in underwater sound propagation
(NATO. SACLANTCEN, 1975/10)Normal mode theory is best suited for the case of stratified media. Range dependence of the medium properties and of its boundary may nevertheless be taken into account in the framework of an adiabatic approximation provided ... -
Stochastic methods of sound-field computation
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Two dimensional internal-wave spectra
(NATO. SACLANTCEN, 1975/10)Although spatial fluctuations of the sound speed in the ocean have a variety of causes, internal waves are thought to produce most of the fluctuations over horizontal scales ranging from several tens of metres to several ... -
Connection between the solution of the Helmholtz and parabolic equations for sound propagation
(NATO. SACLANTCEN, 1975/10)Using a conformal mapping technique in a rectangular waveguide, we present an exact integral relation between the solutions of the Helmholtz equation whose sound speed c(x,y) varies as a function of both depth y and range ... -
Internal oceanographic microstructure phenomena
(NATO. SACLANTCEN, 1975/10)This paper is concerned with the nature and causes of both fine structure and microstructure in the ocean. Following an account of the acoustic/oceanographic background to subject, the characteristics of fine structure are ... -
Beam spreading and loss of spatial coherence in an inhomogeneous and fluctuating ocean
(NATO. SACLANTCEN, 1975/10)A theory has been developed that enables estimates to be made of beam bending, beam spreading and loss of spatial coherence. In this paper we concentrate on the loss of spatial coherence due to scattering. Using a minus ... -
Measurements of normal-mode amplitude functions in a nearly-stratified medium
(NATO. SACLANTCEN, 1975/10)In normal-mode treatments of acoustic propagation in nearly-stratified media, calculations are frequently based on the perfectly-stratified medium model, in which symmetry permits separation of the wave equationo In these ...